Ovarian Cysts

[Image illustrating the difference between a healthy ovary and an ovary with a cyst]

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on or inside an ovary. This occurs when fluid is abnormally produced and accumulates within the ovarian tissue.

Symptoms

• Asymptomatic: Many cysts have no symptoms and are discovered incidentally during a routine physical exam or ultrasound.
• Palpable Mass: A lump may be felt in the lower abdomen if the cyst grows particularly large.
• Acute Pelvic Pain: Sudden, sharp pain can occur if the cyst ruptures or causes ovarian torsion (twisting).
• Chronic Pelvic Pain: A persistent dull ache in the lower abdomen.
• Chronic Menstrual Pain: Severe cramping during periods (often associated with chocolate cysts/endometriosis).
• Painful Intercourse: Discomfort or pain during or after sexual activity.
• Bloating: A feeling of fullness or general abdominal discomfort.
• Frequent Urination: If the cyst is large enough to press against the bladder.
• Irregular Periods: Because cysts can interfere with female hormone production.

Treatment Options

Management of non-cancerous (benign) ovarian cysts includes:

• Hormonal Therapy: Oral contraceptives or other hormonal medications may be used, especially for smaller "Chocolate Cysts" (endometriosis).
• Cystectomy: Surgical removal or drainage of the cyst while preserving the healthy ovarian tissue for hormone production.
• Salpingo-oophorectomy: Removal of the cyst along with the entire ovary and fallopian tube.
• Hysterectomy with Salpingo-oophorectomy: Removal of the uterus, ovaries, and tubes in severe cases or based on the patient's age and health goals.

Warning Signs: When to See a Doctor

• Severe or abnormal pelvic pain on one or both sides.
• Unusually intense or chronic menstrual cramps.
• Feeling a hard lump or mass in the lower abdomen.
• Irregular menstrual cycles (periods that are very light or skip months).
• Chronic bloating or abdominal pressure.
• Loss of appetite and unexplained weight loss.